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Chimpanzee

The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibilityof their social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It representsabout as far a departure from the baboon type of organization  as one canfind among the higher primates, and serves to  emphasize the  great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are morehuman than baboons, or rather they jibe better with  the way we liketo  picture  ourselves, as free-wheeling individuals whotend  to  be unpredictable, do not take  readily to any form ofregimentation,  and  are frequently  charming.(Charm isrelatively rare among baboons.) Two researchers have described what they foundduring more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their naturalhabitat the forest:”We were quite surprised to observe that there is nosingle distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no’family’ or ‘harem’ organization; neither is there a ‘troop’  organization – that is to say, no  particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the  contrary, individuals move about atwill, alone or in small groups best described as bands, which sometimes forminto large aggregations.
They leave their associates if they want to, and joinup with new ones without conflict. ” The general  practice is   best   described  as  “easy come,  easy   go”,   although  there are  certain group-forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees moveabout in one of four types of band: adult males only; mothers andoffspring and occasionally a few other 
females; adults and adolescents of both sexes, but no mothers with youngand representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition  of  bands  may  change  a number  of  times  during  the   course  of  a  day as individuals wander off and groups split orcombine with other groups. On the other hand, certain individuals prefer oneanother’s company. One of the researchers observed that four males oftenroamed  together    over  a four-month period,  and  mothers  often  associated  with their  older offsprings.
全文翻译：黑猩猩
黑猩猩最突出的一个特征是它们社会生活的灵活性，即缺乏固定的组织形式。它的这一特征与狒狒的那种组织形态间的差别，在灵长动物中最为突出。由此可见灵长类动物中 适应性变化的多样性。黑猩猩比狒狒更接近人类，或者说它与我们心愿的自我形象更为接近：自由自在，不落窠臼，不喜欢任何形式的约束并且往往魅力十足(在狒狒中魅力比较罕 见)。通过在黑猩猩的自然栖息地森林中对它们进行了8月的观察，两名研究人员得出这样结论：”我们注意到在黑猩猩的社会中似乎没有任何一种独立的社会基本单位，这一点令我们很吃惊。  
它们不仅没有’家庭’或’妻妾’组织，也没有’团队’组织，也就是说黑猩猩没有固 定地生活在一起。相反，每只黑猩猩随意流动，或是独自一人，或是作为最好称之为团伙的一员。 团伙有时会与其它团伙合并成大的聚合体。它们可以随意离开同伴，并与其它黑猩猩组成新的团伙而不会产生任何纠纷。”把黑猩猩这一总的特性称之为”来得容易去得快” 是最恰当不过了。但它们也有一定的群体倾向性。通常，黑猩猩群的构成有以下4种：仅有成年雄性；母猩猩及其子女而且偶尔有几只其它的雌性猩猩；雄性和雌性的成年和未成 年黑猩猩但不包括有子女的雌性黑猩猩； 以及各种类型混杂在一起。一天之中一个团伙的组成可能变化好几次，因为有的成员可能离开，而且群体可能会与其它群体合并。另一方 面，有些黑猩猩有自己喜欢的伙伴。一名研究人员发现四只雄性黑猩猩在4个月中常常共 同游荡，还有母亲们常与她们较年长的子女们在一起。